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Renaissance dam

Official Text: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan – Declaration of Principles:

Agreement on Declaration of Principles between the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Republic of the Sudan on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP)

Preamble

Mindful of the rising demand of the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Republic of Sudan on their transboundary water resource, and cognizant of the
significance of the River Nile as the source of livelihood and the significant resource to the development of the people of Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan, the three countries have committed to the following principles on the GERD:

I – Principles of Cooperation

– To cooperate based on common understanding, mutual benefit, good faith, win-win and principles of international law.

– To cooperate in understanding upstream and downstream water needs in its various aspects.

II – Principle of Development, Regional Integration and Sustainability

– The Purpose of GERD is for power generation, to contribute to economic development, promotion of transboundary cooperation and regional integration through generation of sustainable and reliable clean energy supply.

III – Principle Not to Cause Significant Harm

– The Three Countries shall take all appropriate measures to prevent the causing of significant harm in utilizing the Blue/Main Nile.

– Where significant harm nevertheless is caused to one of the countries, the state whose use causes such harm shall, in the absence of agreement to such use, take all appropriate measures in consultations with the affected state to eliminate or mitigate such harm and, where appropriate, to discuss the question of compensation.

IV – Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization

– The Tree Countries shall utilize their shared water resources in their respective territories in an equitable and reasonable manner.

– In ensuring their equitable and reasonable utilization, the Three Countries will take into account all the relevant guiding factors listed below, but not limited to the following outlined:

a. Geographic, hydrograpic, hydrological, climatic, ecological and other factors of a natural character;

b. The social and economic needs of the Basin States concerned;

c. The population dependent on the water resources in each Basin State;

d. The effects of the use or uses of the water resources in one Basin State on other Basin States;

e. Existing and potential uses of the water resources;

f. Conservation, protection, development and economy of use of the water resources and the costs of measures taken to that effect;

g. The availability of alternatives, of comparable value, to a particular planned or existing use;

h. The contribution of each Basin State to the waters of the Nile River system;

i. The extent and proportion of the drainage area in the territory of each Basin State.

V – Principle to cooperate on the First Filling and Operation of the Dam

– To implement the recommendations of the International Panel of Experts (IPOE), respect the final outcomes of the Technical National Committee (TNC) Final Report on the joint studies recommended in the IPOE Final Report throughout the different phases of the project.

– The Three Countries, in the spirit of cooperation, will utilize the final outcomes of the joint studies, to be conducted as per the recommendations of the IPoE Report and agreed upon by the TNC, to:-

a. Agree on guidelines and rules on the first filling of GERD which shall cover all different scenarios, in parallel with the construction of GERD.

b. Agree on guidelines and rules for the annual operation of GERD, which the owner of the dam may adjust from time to time.

c. Inform the downstream countries of any unforeseen or urgent circumstances requiring adjustments in the operation of GERD.

– To sustain cooperation and coordination on the annual operation of GERD with downstream reservoirs, the three countries, through the line ministries responsible for water, shall set up an appropriate coordination mechanism among them.

– The time line for conducting the above mentioned process shall be 15 months from the inception of the two studies recommended by the IPoE.

VI – Principle of Confidence Building

– Priority will be given to downstream countries to purchase power generated from GERD.

VII – Principle of Exchange of Information and Data

Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan shall provide data and information needed for the conduct of the TNC joint studies in good faith and in a timely manner.

VIII – Principle of Dam Safety

– The Three Countries appreciate the efforts undertaken thus far by Ethiopia in implementing the IPoE recommendations pertinent to the GERD safety.

– Ethiopia shall in good faith continue the full implementation of the Dam safety recommendations as per the IPoE report.

IX – Principle of Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity

The Three Countries shall cooperate on the basis of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, mutual benefit and good faith in order to attain optimal utilization and adequate protection of the River.

X – Principle of Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

– The Three Countries will settle disputes, arising out of the interpretation or implementation of this agreement, amicably through consultation or negotiation in accordance with the principle of good faith. If the Parties are unable to resolve the dispute thorough consultation or negotiation, they may jointly request for conciliation, mediation or refer the matter for the consideration of the Heads of State/Heads of Government.

This agreement on Declaration of Principles is signed in Khartoum, Sudan, on the 23 of March, 2015, by the Arab Republic of Egypt, The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Republic of Sudan.

 

Historic Attractions

Cultural Attractions

Natural Attractions

Best Things To Do in Ethiopia: Tourist Attractions

The things to do in Ethiopia will absolutely astound you!  The country is just emerging from a very rough communist state and is just starting to flourish.  Because the country was so closed off to the rest of the world the people of the country are very open and curious about the outside world.  Ethiopians are literally ingesting everything they can get their hands on from music, dress, and even culture.

One of the most fascinating things about the country is that it is a very ancient culture.  Their language, Amharic, is one of the oldest written languages in the world  for a funny video about how to learn Amharic).  Add on the fact that Ethiopia has tourist attractions like feeding hyenas, the city known as the 2nd Jerusalem, African Safaris, and even a real world Camelot, you have quite a country & culture to experience.  Did I mention it was one of the cheapest places to travel in Africa?

Natural Attractions 

 he Blue Nile Falls is a waterfall on the Blue Nile river in Ethiopia. It is known as Tis Abay in Amharic, meaning "great smoke". It is situated on the upper course of the river, about 30 km downstream from the town of Bahir Dar and Lake Tana. Wikipedia

Lake Tana is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. Located in Amhara Region in the north-western Ethiopian Highlands, the lake is approximately 84 kilometers long and 66 ... Wikipedia

Surface elevation: 1,788 m

Area: 2,156 km²

Length: 84 km

Width: 66 km

Cities: Bahir Dar, Gorgora

Inflow source: Reb River, Lesser Abay River, Gumara River, Magech River

 

 

Sof Omar Caves

Sof Omar Cave is the longest cave in Ethiopia at 15.1 kilometres long; sources claim it is the longest system of caves in Africa. Wikipedia

Discovery: 1897

Ethiopian Revenues

Government of Ethiopia

Government of Ethiopia
The government of Ethiopia comprises of the executive, legislative, judicial branches, the administrative divisions and the political parties. The Federal Legislative power and the Executive powers are held by the government of Ethiopia which is headed by the Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, who is the head of the government and the Judiciary. The governments of Ethiopia have fostered better relations with the US and other European countries since 1991.The government has also realized the need of getting foreign aid from developed nations, and has therefore received a substantial amount of financial aid from world bodies such as the World Bank.
The first successful elections in Ethiopia were held in 2005, where there was a good electorate turnout of 90%, thus establishing Ethiopia as a full fledged democratic state.

Executive Branch
The Council of Ministers includes the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and other members, who are elected as the part of House of People's Representatives. Currently, other ministries include the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Health.
The president of the nation is Girma Wolde-Giyorgis Lucha who was elected on 8 October 2001 by the House of People's Representatives. The president serves for 6 years and the prime minister is given the power to handle the legislative elections. Currently, the prime minister of the country is Meles Zenawi who was elected through the popular vote in August 1995.
Legislative Branch
The legislative branch includes the two Chambers of Federal Parliamentary Assembly – the Council of People's Representatives and the Council of the Federation.
Political Parties and Coalition
The leading political party of Ethiopia is Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front which won 327 seats in May 2005 elections. The party was formed from the coalition of four parties belonging to the Oromia Regions, Amhara Region, Southern Nations, and the Tigray Region. Today, more than 4 million people are member of the patty and it is led by a central committee whose members are selected in every 3 years. The government is closely integrated to this party.
The other three dominating parties in the government are Coalition for Unity and Democracy, Somali People's Democratic Party and United Ethiopian Democratic Forces.
There are also certain pressure groups – Council of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy in Ethiopia (CAFPDE) and Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition (SEPDC).
Judiciary
The Prime Minister recommends the President and the Vice President of the Federal Supreme Court who is appointed by the    House of People's Representatives. The federal judges are selected by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council and the prime minister submits the names of prospective judges at the House of People's Representatives for appointment. Currently, the government uses latest Information Communication Technologies in the government processing and has been acknowledged for computerized functioning.
Administrative Division
There are nine administrative divisions in the country-
Afar; Gambela; Amhara, Benishangul/Gumaz; Harar; Somali; Oromia; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region; Tigray
And two chartered cities -
Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa
Emperorship in Ethiopia
A constitutional body was formed by the Crown Council of Ethiopia which claimed the reign of emperors of Ethiopia. In 1974, the abolition of monarchy was announced when the emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown.
In 1993, the Crown Council of Ethiopia claimed its existence but the present Ethiopian constitution has reconfirmed that the monarchy has been abolished although, the royalists continue to rule through the crown council. In 2005, Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie was made the by Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie to mark the continuity of emperorship.

Ethiopian Constitution

All about Ethiopian Constitution
Ethiopian Constitution 
The Ethiopian Constitution comprises of

• General articles
• Fundamental principles of the Constitution
• Fundamental rights
• Human rights
• Democratic rights

The Preamble
All nationals, nations and people of Ethiopia have the right of self determination, to build a political community which is founded by the rule of law that is capable of providing lasting peace and guarantees a democratic order. Our constitution helps in the development of social and economic status of the country. We are convinced the objective is to respect people’s freedom, rights, to live together without any discrimination and inequality.
We are proud of our rich cultural legacies and have interactions with many life forms at different levels. We have also built up and contributed for common interest and outlook.
We will have common destiny and shared interests and our economic community with create mutually supporting conditions which will respect the rights and freedom for the promotion of interest of all.
We ensure to promote peace and prospect in our democratic system.
We adopted the democratic system on December 1994 and elected our representatives as an instrument to bind the community objectives and principles.
General Articles
Article 1
Nomenclature of the State
The state has been renamed as Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Article 2
Ethiopian Territorial Jurisdiction
Ethiopian Territorial Jurisdiction shall determine the boundaries and resolve the international agreements.
Article 3
The Ethiopian Flag
The Ethiopian flag has three colors – green, yellow and red and has a national emblem at the centre which indicates the hops of people.
Article 4
National Anthem of Ethiopia
The National Anthem reflect the principles of constitution and the commitment of people to maintain democracy
Article 5
Languages

1. All languages of Ethiopia have been given equal importance and the working language of Federal Government is Amharic.
2. The members of Federation can determine their respective working language by law.

Article 6
Nationality

1. A person of either sex born to both or one Ethiopian parent is of Ethiopian nationality.
2. Even foreign nationals can apply to get Ethiopian nationality through specified legal procedure.

Article 7
Gender Reference
Constitution applies equally for male and female nationals.
Fundamental principles of the Constitution 
 Article 8
Sovereignty of the people

1. The Constitution provides sovereign power to all nationals and people of Ethiopia.
2. The sovereignty can be determined by selecting representative as per Constitutional laws and by actively participating in the democratic process.

Article 9
Supremacy of the Constitution 

• The law of Constitution supreme and it is not affected by decision of any person or public official.
• All citizens, associations, political organizations and officials are obliged to follow and obey the constitution.
• Assuming state power is strictly prohibited.
• International agreements will be resolved by the Ethiopian government by the law of the land.

Article 10
Human and Democratic Rights

1. The Constitution supports and promotes Human and Democratic Rights.
2. The Human Right of Freedom and mankind are sacrosanct and absolute.

Article 11
Separation of State and Religion

1. The Constitution separates religion and state.
2. There shall be no religion specific to a state and the state is not allowed to interfere in religious matters.

Article 12
Conduct and Accountability of Government

1. The government is accountable to the nationals and the conduct of affair of the government shall be transparent.
2. Public officials and elected representatives of regions shall be responsible for failure in official duties.
3. In case of loss of confidence, the people have the right to recall the elected representative and the particulars will be determined by the law.

Article 14
Rights to life, the Security of Person and Liberty
Every individual has the right to liberty and security.

Article 15
Right to Life
Every person has the right to life unless punished for criminal offence by the law.

About Ethiopia

 
Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa, is a rugged, landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. With archaeological finds dating back more than 3 million years, it’s a place of ancient culture. Among its important sites are Lalibela with its rock-cut Christian churches from the 12th–13th centuries. Aksum is the ruins of an ancient city with obelisks, tombs, castles and Our Lady Mary of Zion church.

Capital: Addis Ababa
population : 94.1 million (2013) world bank

President:mulatu teshome

Currency: Ethiopian birr

Official language: Amharic